Mathematics-1.Unit-1 Sets, relations and functions
SETS AND RELATIONS
SET
A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects. Well-defined collection means that there exists a rule with the help of which it is possible to tell whether a given object belongs or does not belong to given collection. Generally sets are denoted by capital letters A, B, C, X, Y, Z etc.
REPRESENTATION OF A SET
Usually, sets are represented in the following ways
ROASTER FORM OR TABULAR FORM
In this form, we list all the member of the set within braces (curly brackets) and separate these by commas. For example, the set of all even numbers less than 10 and greater than 0 in the roster form is written as: A = {2,4, 6,8}
SET BUILDER FORM OR RULE FORM
In this form, we write a variable (say x) representing any member of the set followed by a property satisfied by each member of the set. A = {x| x 5, x N} the symbol ‘|’ stands for the words” such that”.
1. TYPES OF SETS
NULL/ VOID/ EMPTY SET
A set which has no element is called the null set or empty set and is denoted by (phi). The number of elements of a set A is denoted as n (A) and n () = 0 as it contains no element. For example the set of all real numbers whose square is –1.
SINGLETON SET
A set containing only one element is called Singleton Set.
FINITE AND INFINITE SET
A set, which has finite numbers of elements, is called a finite set. Otherwise it is called an in finite set. For example, the set of all days in a week is a finite set whereas; the set of all integers is an infinite set.
UNION OF SETS
Union of two or more sets is the set of all elements that belong to any of these sets. The symbol used for union of sets is ‘’ i.e. AB = Union of set A and set B = {x: x A or xB (or both)}
Example: A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {2, 4, 5, 6} and C = {1, 2, 6, 8}, then ABC = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8}
INTERSECTION OF SETS
It is the set of all the elements, which are common to all the sets. The symbol used for intersection of sets is ‘’ i.e. A B = {x: x A and x B}
Example: If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {2, 4, 5, 6} and C = {1, 2, 6, 8}, then A B C = {2}
DIFFERENCE OF SETS
The difference of set A to B denoted as A B is the set of those elements that are in the set A but not in the set B i.e. A B = {x: x A and x B}
Similarly B A = {x: xB and x A}
In general AB BA
Example: If A = {a, b, c, d} and B = {b, c, e, f} then AB = {a, d} and BA = {e, f}.
Symmetric Difference of Two Sets:
For two sets A and B, symmetric difference of A and B is given by (A – B) (B – A) and is denoted by A B.
SUBSET OF A SET
A set A is said to be a subset of the set B if each element of the set A is also the element of the set B. The symbol used is ‘’ i.e. A B (x A x B).
Each set is a subset of its own set. Also a void set is a subset of any set. If there is at least one element in B which does not belong to the set A, then A is a proper subset of set B and is denoted as A B. e.g If A = {a, b, c, d} and B = {b, c, d}. Then BA or equivalently AB (i.e A is a super set of B). Total number of subsets of a finite set containing n elements is 2n.
Equality of Two Sets:
Sets A and B are said to be equal if AB and BA; we write A = B.
DISJOINT SETS
If two sets A and B have no common elements i.e. if no element of A is in B and no element of B is in A, then A and B are said to be Disjoint Sets. Hence for Disjoint Sets A and B n (A B) = 0.
Some More Results Regarding the Order of Finite Sets:
Let A, B and C be finite sets and U be the finite universal set, then
(i). n (A B) = n (A) + n (B) – n (A B)
(ii). If A and B are disjoint, then n (A B) = n (A) + n (B)
(iii). n (A –B) = n (A) – n (A B) i.e. n (A) = n (A – B) + n (A B)
(iv). n (A B C) = n (A) + n (B) + n (C) – n (A B) – n (B C) – n (A C) + n (A B C)
(v). n (set of elements which are in exactly two of the sets A, B, C)
= n (A B)+n (B C) + n (C A) –3n(A B C)
(vi). n(set of elements which are in atleast two of the sets A, B, C)
= n (A B) + n (A C) + n (B C) –2n(A B C)
(vii). n (set of elements which are in exactly one of the sets A, B, C)
= n (A) + n (B) + n (C) – 2n (A B) – 2n (B C) – 2n (A C) + 3n (A B C)
Illustration -1: If A and B be two sets containing 3 and 6 element respectively, what can be the minimum number of elements in A B? Find also, the maximum number of elements in A B.
Solution: We have, n (A B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A B)
This shows that n (A B) is minimum or maximum according as
n (A B) is maximum or minimum respectively.
Case 1: When n (A B) is minimum, ie. n (A B) = 0. This is possible only when A B = . In this case,
n(A B) = n (A) + n (B) – 0 = n(A) + n (B) = 3 +6 = 9
n (A B)max = 9
Case 2: When n (A B) is maximum
This is possible only when A B.
In this case n (A B) = 3
n (AB) = n(A) + n(B) – n (A B) = (3+6-3)=6
n (A B)min = 6.
Illustration 2: In a group of 1000 people, there are 750 who can speak Hindi and 400 who can speak Bengali. How many can speak Hindi only? How many can speak Bengali? How many can speak both Hindi and Bengali?
Solution: Total number of people = 1000
n (H) = 750
n (B) = 400
n (H B) = n (H) + n (B) – n (H B)
n (H B) = 750 + 400 – 1000
= 150 speaking Hindi and Bengali both.
People speaking only Hindi = n (H) – n (H B) = 750 – 150 = 600
People speaking only Bengali = n (B) – n (H B) = 400 – 150 = 250.
Illustration 3: A survey shows that 63% of the Americans like cheese whereas 76% like apples. If x% of the Americans like both cheese and apples, find the value of x.
Solution: Let A denote the set of Americans who like cheese and let B denote those who like apples. Let the population of America be 100. Then,
n(A) = 63, n(B) = 76
Now, n(A B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A B)
n(AB) = 63+76-n(A B)
n (A B) = 139 – n(A B)
But n(AB) 100 n (A B ) 39 …(i)
Now, A B A and A B B
n(A B ) n (A) and n (A B) n (B)
n (A B) 63 …(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we have 39 n (A B ) 63 39 x 63.
UNIVERSAL SET
A non-empty set of which all the sets under consideration are subsets is called the universal set. In any application of set theory, all the sets under consideration will likely to be subsets of a fixed set called Universal Set. As name implies it is the set with collection of all the elements and usually denoted by ‘U’.
e.g. (1) set of real numbers R is a universal set for the operations related to real numbers.
COMPLEMENTARY SET
The complement of a set A with respect to the Universal Set U is difference of U and A. Complement of set A is denoted by (or AC) (or A). Thus is the set of all the elements of the Universal Set which do not belong to the set A.
= U – A = {x: x U and x A}
we can say that A = U (Universal Set) and A = (Void Set)
Some of the useful properties/operations on sets are as follows:
• A U = U
• A =
• C = U
• UC =
Algebra of Sets:
Idempotent Law: For any set A,
• A A = A
• A A = A
Identity Law: For any set A,
• A = A
• A U = A
Commutative Law: For any two sets A and B
• A B = B A
• A B = B A
Associative Law: For any three sets A, B and C
• (A B) C = A (B C)
• A (B C) = (A B) C
Distributive Law: For any three sets A, B and C
• A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
• A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
De Morgan’s Law: For any two sets A and B
• (A B) = A B
• (A B) = A B
POWER SET
The set of all subsets of a given set A is called the power set A and is denoted by P (A). P (A) = {S: S A}
For example, if A = {1, 2, 3}, then
P(A) = { ,{1},{2},{3},{1},{1,2},{1,3},{2.3},{1,2,3}}
Clearly, if A has n elements, then its power set P(A) contains exactly 2n elements.
Some More Results:
• n (set of elements neither in A nor in B) = n (A B) = n(A B) = n (U) – n (A B)
• n (A B) = n(A B) = n (U) – n (A B)
• n (A B) = n [(A – B) (B – A)] = n [(A B) (A B)] = n (A) + n (B) – 2n(A B).
VENN DIAGRAM
The diagrams drawn to represent sets are called Venn diagrams or Eule -Venn diagrams. Here we represent the universal set U by points within rectangle and the subset A of the set U represented by the interior of a circle. If a set A is a subset of a set B then the circle representing A is drawn inside the circle representing B. If A and B are no equal but they have some common elements, then to represent A and B by two intersecting circles.
Illustration 4: A class has 175 students. The following table shows the number of students studying one or more of the following subjects in this case
Subjects No. of students
Mathematics 100
Physics 70
Chemistry 46
Mathematics and Physics 30
Mathematics and Chemistry 28
Physics and Chemistry 23
Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry 18
How many students are enrolled in Mathematics alone, Physics alone and Chemistry alone? Are there students who have not offered any one of these subjects?
Solution: Let P, C, M denote the sets of students studying Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics respectively.
Let a, b, c, d, e, f, g denote the number of elements (students) contained in the bounded region as shown in the diagram then
a + d + e + g = 70
c + d + f + g = 100
b + e + f + g = 46
d + g = 30
e + g = 23
f + g = 28
g = 18
after solving we get g = 18, f = 10, e = 5, d = 12, a = 35, b = 13 and c = 60
a + b + c + d + e + f + g = 153
So, the number of students who have not offered any of these three subjects
= 175 –153 = 22
Number of students studying Mathematics only, c = 60
Number of students studying Physics only, a = 35
Number of students studying Chemistry only, b = 13.
CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF SETS
The Cartesian product (also known as the cross product) of two sets A and B, denoted by AB (in the same order) is the set of all ordered pairs (x, y) such that xA and yB. What we mean by ordered pair is that the pair(a, b) is not the same the pair as (b, a) unless a = b. It implies that AB BA in general. Also if A contains m elements and B contains n elements then AB contains mn elements.
Similarly we can define AA = {(x, y); xA and yA}. We can also define cartesian product of more than two sets.
e.g. A1 A2A3 . . . . An = {(a1, a2, . . . , an): a1 A1, a2 A2, . . . , an An}
Illustration 5: If A ={a, b, c} and B = {b, c, d} then evaluate
(i). AB , AB , AB and BA
(ii). AB and BA
Solution: (i) AB = {x: xA or xB}= {a, b, c, d}
AB = {x: xA and xB}= {b, c}
AB = {x: xA and x B}= {a}
BA = {x: xB and xB}= {d}
(ii) AB = {(x, y): xA and yB}
= {(a, b), (a, c), (a, d), (b, b), (b, c), (b, d), (c, b), (c, c), (c, d)}
BA = {(x, y): xB and yA}
= {(b, a), (b, b), (b, c),(c, a), (c, b), (c, c),(d, a), (d, b), (d, c)}
Note that AB BA.
RELATIONS
Let A and B be two non-empty sets then every subset of A B defines a relation from A to B and every relation from A to B is subset of A B.
Let R A B and (a, b) R. then we say that a is related to b by the relation R and write it as
a R b. If (a, b) R, we write it as a b.
Example Let A {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {1, 3}
We set a relation from A to B as: a R b iff a b; a A, b B. Then
R ={(1, 1), (1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 3)}AB
Domain and Range of a Relation:
Let R be a relation from A to B, that is, let R A B. Then
Domain R = {a: a A, (a, b) R for some b B}
i.e. domain of R is the set of all the first elements of the ordered pairs which belong to R.
Also Range R = {b: b B, (a, b) R for some a A},
i.e. range R is the set of all second elements of the ordered pairs which belong to R.
Thus Dom. R A, Range R B.
Total Number of Distinct Relations from A to B:
Suppose the set A has m elements and the set B has n elements. Then the product set A B i.e. P (A B) will have 2mn elements. A B has 2mn different subsets which are different relations from A to B.
Inverse Relation:
Let R A B be a relation from A to B. Then inverse relation R–1 B A is defined by
R–1 = {(b, a): (a, b) R, a A, b B}. It is clear that
• a R b b R–1 a
• dom R–1 = range R and range R–1 = dom R
• (R–1)–1 = R
Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {a, b, c} and R = {(1, a), (1, c), (2, a)}. Then
(i) dom R = {1, 2}, range R = {a, c}
(ii) R–1 = {(a, 1), (c, 1), (a, 2)}
Compositions of Relations:
Let R A B, S B C be two relations. Then compositions of the relations R and S denoted by SoR A C and is defined by (a, c) (S o R) iff b B such that (a, b) R, (b, c) S.
Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {a, b, c, d}, C = {, , }
R( A B) = {(1, a), (1, c), (2, d)}
S ( B C) = {(a, ), (a, ), (c, )}
Then S o R( A C) = {(1, ), (1, ), (1, )}
One should be careful in computing the relation R o S. Actually S o R starts with R and R o S starts with S. In general S o R R o S
Also (S o R)–1 = R–1 o S–1, know as reversal rule
Relations in a Set:
Let R be a relation from A to B. If B = A, then R is said to be a relation in A. Thus relation in a set A is a subset of A A.
Identity Relation:
R is an identity relation if (a, b) R iff a = b, a A, b A. In other words, every element of A is related to only itself.
Universal Relation in a Set:
Let A be any set and R be the set A A, then R is called the Universal Relation in A.
Void Relation in a Set:
is called Void Relation in a set.
Properties of Relations in a Set:
Reflexive Relations:
R is a reflexive relation if (a, a) R, a A. It should be noted if there is at least one element
a A such that (a, a) R, then R is not reflexive.
Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
R = {(1, 1), (3, 2), (4, 2), (4, 4), (5, 2), (5, 5)} is not reflexive because 3 A
and (3, 3) R.
R = {(1, 1), (3, 2), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 1), (4, 4), (5, 5)} is reflexive since
(a, a) R, a A.
Symmetric Relations:
R is called a symmetric relation on A if (x, y) R (y, x) R
That is, y R x whenever x R y.
It should be noted that R is symmetric iff R–1 = R
Let A = {1, 2, 3}, then R = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (3, 1)} is symmetric.
Anti-symmetric Relations:
R is called a anti-symmetric relation if (a, b) R and (b, a) R a = b
Thus, if a b then a may be related to b or b may be related to a, but never both.
Or, we have never both a R b and b R a except when a = b.
Example: Let N be the set of natural numbers. A relation R N N is defined by
x R y iff x divides y (i.e. x/y)
Then x R y, y R x x divides y, y divides x x = y
Transitive Relations:
R is called a transitive relation if (a, b) R, (b, c) R (a, c) R
In other words if a is related to b, b is related to c, then a is related to c.
Transitivity fails only when there exists a, b, c such that a R b, b R c but a c.
Example: Consider the set A = {1, 2, 3} and the relation
R1 = {(1, 2), (1, 3)}
R2 = {(1, 2)}
R3 = {(1, 1)}
R4 = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 1)}
Then R1, R2 and R3 transitive while R4 is not transitive since in R4, (2, 1) R4,
(1, 2) R4 but (2, 2) R4
Note:
• It is interesting to note that every identity relation is reflexive but every reflexive relation need not be an identity relation. Also identity relation is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Equivalence Relation:
A relation R in a set A is called an equivalence relation if
(i) R is reflexive i.e., (a, a) R, a A
(ii) R is symmetric i.e., (a, b) R (b, a) R
(iii) R is transitive i.e., (a, b), (b, c) R (a, c) R
The equivalence relation is usually denoted by the symbol ~.
Equivalence Classes of an Equivalence Relation:
Let R be equivalence relation in A ( ). Let a A.
Then the equivalence class of a denoted by [a] or { } is defined as the set of all those points of A which are related to a under the relation R. Thus [a] = {x : x A, x R a}
It is easy to see that
(i) b [a] a [b]
(ii) b [a] [a] = [b]
(iii) Two equivalence classes are either disjoint of identical.
as an example we consider a very important relation
x y (mod n) iff n divides (x –y), is fixed positive integer. Consider n = 5 then
[0] = {x : x 0(mod 5)} = {5p : p z} = {0, 5, 10, 15,....}
[1] = {x : x 1(mod 5)} = {x : x –1 = 5k, k z} = {5k + 1: k z} = {1, 6, 11, ...., –4, –9,....}
one can easily see that there are only 5 distinct equivalence classes viz. [0], [1], [2], [3] and [4] when n = 5.
Illustration 6: N is the set of natural numbers. The relation R is defined on N N as follows:
(a, b) R (c, d) a + d = b + c
Prove that R is equivalence relation.
Solution: (i) (a, b) R (a, b) a + b = b + a
R is reflexive.
(ii) (a, b) R (c, d) a + d = b + c
c + b = d + a
(c, d) R (a, b)
R is symmetric.
Now (iii) (a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R (e, f) a + d = b + c & c + f = d + e
a + d + c + f = b + c + d + e
a + f = b + e (a, b) R (e, f)
R is transitive. Thus R is an equivalence relation on N N.
Illustration 7: A relation R on the set of complex numbers is defined by z1 R z2 is real, show that R is an equivalence relation.
Solution: (i) z1 R z2 is real
R is reflexive
z1 C 0 is real.
(ii) z1 R z2 is real – is real
is real z2 R z1 z1, z2 C
R is symmetric.
(iii) Let z1 = a1 + ib1, z2 = a2 + ib2 and z3 = a3 + ib3
where a1¬, b1, a2, b2, a3, b3 R
now z1 R z2 is real
is real is real
is real
is real
(a1 + a2) (b1 –b2) –(a1 – a2) (b1 + b2) = 0 (for purely real, imaginary part = 0)
2a2b1 –2b2a1 = 0
similarly, z2 R z3
z1 R z2 and z2 R z3
and z1 R z3
R is transitive
Hence R is equivalence relation.
CONGRUENCES
Let m be a positive integer, then the two integer a and b said to be congurent modulo m' if a –b is divisible by m i.e. a –b = m where is an positive integer.
The congruent modulo m' is defined on all a, b I by a b (mod m) iff a –b = , I+
Illustration 8:Find all congruent solutions of 8x 6 (mod 14)
Solution: given 8x 6 (mod 14)
= where I+
8x = 14 + 6 x =
x = =
x = + ( + 1) where I+
and here greatest common divisor of 8 and 14 is 2 so, there are two required solutions
for = 3 and = 7, x = 6, 13
2. NUMBER SYSTEM
NATURAL NUMBERS
The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4…. Are called natural numbers, their set is denoted by N. Thus N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5….}
WHOLE NUMBERS
The numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4…… Are called whole numbers, their set is denoted by W. Thus W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4….}
INTEGERS
The numbers. …– 3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3….are called integers and their set is denoted by I & Z
Set of positive integers denoted by I+ and consists of {1, 2, 3…}, also known as set of natural numbers.
Set of negative integers denoted by I– and consists of {…– 3, – 2, – 1}
Set of non-negative integers is {0,1,2, 3…} also known as set of whole numbers
Set of non-positive integers is {…– 3, – 2, – 1, 0}
RATIONAL NUMBERS
All numbers of the form p/q where p and q are integer and q 0, are called rational. Thus it may be noted that every integer is a rational number it can be written as p/1. Examples are 1/3, – 4/9 and 57
The rational numbers are precisely the real numbers with decimal expansions that are either
Terminating (ending in an infinite string of zeros), for example 3/4 = .75000… = .75 or
Non-ermating Repeating (ending with a block of digits that repeats over and over).
For example 23/11 = 2.090909… = 2.09. The bar indicates the block of repeating digits.
IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
Real numbers that are not rational are called irrational numbers. They are precisely the real numbers with decimal expansions that are non-terminating non-repeating. Their set is denoted by Qc (i.e. complementary set of Q) Examples are and
REAL NUMBERS
The complete set of rational and irrational numbers is the set of real numbers and is denoted by R. Thus . The real numbers can also be expressed in terms of position of a point on the real line (is the number line wherein the position of a point relative to the origin (i.e. 0) represents a unique real number and vice versa). All the numbers defined so far follow the order property i.e. if there are two numbers a & b then either a < b or a = b or a > b
COMPLEX NUMBERS
A number of the form x + iy, where x and y are real numbers and , is called a complex number. It is usually denoted by z. i.e. z = x + iy, x is called the real part and y the imaginary part of z. C denotes the set of complex number.
Note: The system of complex numbers includes the system of real numbers,
i.e. .
Illustration 9: If a and b are two rational numbers such that
, find a and b.
Solution:
{Rational} {Irrational}
a2 – b + 1 = 0 and a2 + b – 3 = 0
a = 1 and b = 2
Illustration 10: Prove irrationality of the number 50.
Solution: Let tan50 be a rational number then is also rational
is also rational which is not true
is an irrational number.
3. INTERVALS
A subset of the real line is called an interval. Intervals are important in solving inequalities or in finding domains etc. If there are two numbers a, b R such that a < b, following type of intervals can be defined
FINITE INTERVALS
Open Interval: (a, b) = {x|a < x < b}
Close Interval:
Open-close Interval:
Close-open Interval:
INFINITE INTERVALS
4. INEQUALITIES
If p, q and r are real numbers, then
and
and equality holds for a = 1
and equality holds for a = –1
Inequation Involving Exponential Expression:
If k > 0, then kx > 0 for all real x.
If k > 1, then kx > 1, when x > 0
If 0 < k < 1, then kx < 1, when x > 0 and kx > 1, when x < 0.
Illustration 11: Solve the inequality (x)x – 2 > 1.
Solution: Case I: When x > 1, xx – 2 > 1
x – 2 > 0 x > 2
So, solution set is x (2, ).
Case II: When 0 < x < 1, xx – 2 > 1
x – 2 < 0 x < 2.
So, solution in this case is x (0, 1)
So, solution set is x (0, 1) (2, ).
Illustration 12: Find the maximum value of where x .
Solution: Given that y = = .
This will be maximum when denominator will be minimum. We know
. Minimum value of is 2.
Hence the maximum value of y is .
5. WAVY CURVE METHOD
In order to solve the inequalities of the form
where n1, n2, ……. , n k , m1, m2, ……. , mp are real numbers and a1, a2, ……. , ak, b1, b2, ……., bp are any real number such that ai bj where i = 1, 2, 3, ….k and j = 1, 2, 3, ….p.
Method:
Step - 1 First arrange all values of x at which either numerator or denominator is becomes zero, that means a1, a2,….., ak, b1, b2, ….bp in increasing order say c1, c2, c3,……. cp + k. Plot them on real line
Step -2 Value of x at which numerator becomes zero should be marked with dark circles.
Step - 3 All pints of discontinuities (x at which denominator becomes zero) should be marked on number line with empty circles. Check the value of (x) for any real number greater than the right most marked number on the number line.
Step - 4 From right to left draw a wavy curve (beginnings above the number line in case of value of (x) is positive in step–3 otherwise from below the number line), passing thoroughly all the marked points. So that when passes through a point (exponent whose corresponds factor is odd) intersects the number line, and when passing thoroughly a point (exponent whose corresponds factor is even) the curve doesn’t intersect the real line and remain on the same side of real line.
Step - 5 The appropriate intervals are chosen in accordance with the sign of inequality (the function (x) is positive wherever the curve is above the number line, it is negative if the curve is found below the number line). Their union represents the solution of inequality
Illustration 13: Let
Solution: Step - 1 make on real line all x at which numerator becomes zero with dark circles.
Step - 2 mark point of discontinuity (value of x at which denominator becomes zero) with empty circles
Step - 3 Check (x) for x > 7, (8) > 0
Exponents of factors of –1, 3, 4 is even, hence wave will not change the
direction at these points.
Hence
Illustration 14: Let f(x) = . Find intervals where f(x) is positive or negative.
Solution: Here f(x) will possibly change sign at –5, – 2, – 1, 3 and 7 numbers. Also note that f(x) is not defined at x = – 1 and 7. For all x > 7, all the factors in f(x) are > 0and so f(x)> 0; for 3 < x < 7 all factors except (x – 7) are > 0 and hence f(x) < 0. We can continue like this and we will have alternate sign changes.
Thus we have the following wavy curve:
f(x) > 0 x (– 5, – 2) (– 1, 3) (7, )
and
f(x) < 0 x (– , – 5)(– 2, – 1)(3, 7)
Illustration 15: Solve the inequality .
Solution: 0
0
0
0 0
Using wavy curve method
x (–, –4) [–3, 3) [6, ).
Illustration 16:
I. Solve the inequation (x2 + x + 1)x 1.
II. Solve the inequality > 1.
III. Solve the inequation .
Solution (I) Given (x2 + x + 1)x 1
or
Taking Union of (1) and (2)
(II) Case I: When x – 3 > 1……….(1)
So, in this case solution set
Case II:
So, in this case solution of
So, complete solution set
Case III:
6. ABSOLUTE VALUE
Let x R.
Then the magnitude of x is called it’s absolute value and in general, denoted by x and is defined as .
Since the symbol always denotes the nonnegative square root of a, an alternate definition of x is .
Geometrically, x represents the distance of number ‘x’ from the origin, measured along the number line. Similarly x – a represents the distance between x and a. There is another way to define |x| as |x| = max {x, – x}.
Basic Properties
(i) x = x
(ii) x > a x > a or x < – a if a R + and x R if a R–
(iii) x < a – a < x < a if a R + and no solution if a R– U {0}
(iv)
(v)
(vi) . Here the equality sign holds if x and y either both are non-negative or non-positive in other words x.y 0.
(vii) Here the equality sign holds if x and y either both are non-negative or non-positive in other words x.y 0.
The last two properties can be put in one compact form namely,
Illustration 17: Show that x – 2 1
Solution:
Method 1¬:
Case I: If x 2…….(i)
x – 2 1 x 3…..(ii)
Taking intersection of (i) and (ii)
x [2, 3]………..(v)
Case II: If x < 2….(iii)
2 – x 1 x 1……...(iv)
Taking intersection of (iii) and (iv)
[1, 2)……...(vi)
Taking union of (v) and (vi)
x [1, 3]
Method 2:
x – 2 1, geometrically this represent all the points on real line whose distance from 2 is less than equal to 1
x [1, 3]
Method 3:
(Graphical method)
Firstly plot the graph of x –2 and y = 1
We have to find x for which x – 2 1
Value of x for which graph of x – 2 lies below the graph of y = 1
x [1, 3]
Method 4: Since LHS and RHS in the given inequality are non-negative, on squaring both the sides
Illustration 18: Solve the inequality |x – 1| + |x – 2| 3.
Working Rule: First of all equate the expression to zero whose modulus occur in the given inequation and from this find the values of x. These values of x will divide the interval (–, ) into several parts. Then solve the inequation in all these parts separately.
Solution: Given |x – 1| + |x – 2| 3,
Case I: x 1
Thus (–x + 1) – (x – 2) 3
–x + 1 – x + 2 3
–2x 0 x 0
So, solution is x [0, 1] ……(1)
Case II: 1 < x 2
x – 1 – x + 2 3
So, solution set is x (1, 2] ……(2)
Case III: x > 2
x – 1 + x – 2 3
2x – 3 3 2x 6 x 3
So, solution is x (2, 3]
Combining all the three solution x [0, 3].
Illustration 19:
I. Solve the following inequalities for real values of x:
(a) |x –3| > 5 (b) |2x –3| < 1 (c) 0 < |x –1| 3
II. Solve for x if |x2+x+1| = x2+x+1
Solution: (I) Given all the points whose distance from 3 on real line is greater than 5
Hence
(II) Given
(III) Given
(IV) Given
We Know
Hence
7. LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
The logarithm of a given number b to the base ‘a’ is the exponent indicating the power to which the base ‘a’ must be raised to obtain the number b. This number is designated as log a b. Hence log a b = x ax = b, a > 0, a 1 and b>0. From the definition of the logarithm of the number b to the base ‘a’, we have an identity
This is known as Fundamental Logarithmic Identity.
GRAPH OF LOGRITHMIC FUNCTION
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
• The expression is meaningful for b >0 and for either 0 < a < 1 or a > 1.
• Let a > 1, then and
If 0 < a < 1, then
• log a(mn) = log a m + log a n
• , c > 0 and c 1.
• log a = log a m – log a n
• log a mn = n log a m
• provided both a and b are non-unity.
• loga1 = 0
• logaa = 1
•
Illustration 20: Solve for x: 4 log x = log (15 x2 + 16)
Solution: x4 – 15 x2 – 16 = 0
(x2 + 1)(x2 – 16) = 0
x = 4
But log x is not defined when x = – 4, the x = 4 is the only answer.
Remark: The students often forget to test for positive values of argument for which only log has defined.
Illustration 21: Solve for x: log ½ (x – 2) > 4
Solution: In such type of questions first we make the base same.
Given that log ½ (x – 2) > 4 log ½ ½
log ½ (x – 2) > log ½ 1/16
x – 2 < 1 / 16
x < 33/16
also x – 2 > 0 x > 2
hence x (2, 33/16)
Illustration 22:
I. Solve the inequality loge (x2 – 16) < loge (4x – 11).
II. If log1/2 (x – 1) > 0, then find the interval in which x lies.
Solution: (I) Given log e (x2 –16) < log e (4x –11)
Since base is greater than one x2 – 4x – 15 < 0 and (x – 4) (x + 4) > 0 and
(II) Given
Also x –1 > 0 Here
OBJECTIVE ASSIGNMENT
1. If A = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17}, B = { 2, 4, …, 18} and N is the universal set, then A ((A B ) B) is
(A) A (B) N
(C) B (D) None of these
Sol: We have, (A B) B = A
((A B ) B) A = A A = N.
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
2. If X = {8n – 7 n – 1 n N} and Y = {49 (n-1) n N}, then
(A) x Y (B) Y X
(C) X = Y (D) None of these
Sol: We have,
8n – 7 n-1 = (7+1)n – 7n-1= (nC272 + nC373+…+nCn7n)
= 49 (nC2+nC37+…+nCn7n-2) for n 2
For n = 1, 8n – 7n-1 = 0
Thus, 8n-7n-1 is a multiple of 49 for n 2 and 0 for n = 1. Hence X consists of all positive integral multiple of 49 of the form 49 Kn, where Kn = nC2+nC3 7+…+nCn7n-2 together with zero. Also Y consists of all positive integral multiple of 49 including zero. Therefore, X Y.
Hence (A) is the correct answer.
3. If X and Y are two sets, then x (Y X) equals
(A) X (B) Y
(C) (D) None of these
Sol: We have,
X (Y X) = X (Y X) Y = (X X) Y = Y =
Hence (C) is the correct answer.
4. Let A = {x : x is a multiple of 3} and B = { x : x is a multiple of 5}. Then A B is
given by
(A) {3, 6, 9 …} (B) { 5, 10, 15, 20,..}
(C) {15, 30, 45, …} (D) None of these
Sol: Since x A B x A and x B x is a multiple of 3 and x is a multiple of 5 x is a multiple of 15.
Hence A B = {x x is a multiple of 15} = {15, 30, 45, …}.
Hence (C) is the correct answer.
5. Which of the following is the empty set?
(A) {x x is a real number and x2 – 1 = 0}
(B) {x x is a real number and x2 + 1 = 0}
(C) {x x is a real number and x2 – 9 = 0}
(D) {x x is a real number and x2 = x+2 }
Sol: Since x2 + 1 = 0 x = i.
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
6. Two finite sets have m and n elements. The total number of subsets of the first set is 56 more than the total number of subsets of second set. The values of m and n are
(A) 7, 6 (B) 6, 3
(C) 5, 1 (D) 8, 7
Sol: we are given 2m –2n = 56
By trial m = 6 and n = 3
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
7. The Sols of 8x = 6 (mod 14) are
(A) [8], [6] (B) [8], [4]
(C) [6], [13] (D) [8], [4], [16]
Sol: Note that x = [6] = {...., –6, –8, 6, 20, 34...} satisfies the given equation since for
x = 6, we have 8x –6 = 48 –6 = 42 and 14/42. Similarly for x = 20, 8x –6 = 154 and 14/154 etc.
Similarly x = [13] = {....., –15, –1, 13, 27, 41, .....} is a Sol of the given equation since for x = 13
8x – 6 = 98 and 14/98.
Also it can be seen that [8], [14] and [16] are not the Sols of the given equation.
Hence (C) is the correct answer.
8. Assume R and S are (non empty) relations in a set A. which of the relations given below is false
(A) If R and S are transitive, then R S is transitive
(B) If R and S are transitive, then R S is transitive
(C) If R and S are symmetric, then R S is symmetric
(D) If R and S are reflexive, then R S is reflexive
Sol: for example on the set A = {1, 2, 3}, the relations R = {(1, 1), (1, 2)} and
S = {(2, 2), (2, 3)} are transitive but relations R S = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (1, 2), (2, 3)} is not transitive, since (1, 2) R S and (2, 3) R S but (1, 3) R S.
Hence (A) is the correct answer.
9. If R be a relation < from A = {1, 2, 3, 4} to B = {1, 3, 5} i.e. (a, b) R iff a –1/2 and 0 x }
B = {x : sin x > 1/2 and /3 x }
cos x > –
x <
A =
sin x > x > , x <
B =
A B =
Hence (C) is the correct answer.
18. The relation R defined in A = {1, 2, 3} by aRb if Which of the following is false?
(A) R = {(1, 1) (2, 2), (3, 3), (2, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2)}
(B) R–1 = R
(C) Domain of R = (1, 2, 3)
(D) Range of R = {5}.
Solution : Let a = 1
Let
Let
= R.
Domain of R = {x : (x, y) R} = {1, 2, 3}.
Range of R = {y : (x, y) R} = {1, 2, 3}.
Hence (D) is the correct answer.
19. The relation R defined on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} by R = {(x, y) : is given by
(A) R = {(1, 1) (2, 2), (3, 3), (2, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2)}
(B) {(2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2), (2, 4)}
(C) {(3, 3), (4, 3), (5, 4), (3, 4)}
(D) None of these.
Solution : We have R = {(x, y) :
{(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3),
(4, 4), (4, 5), (5, 4), (5, 5)}.
The correct answer is (D).
Hence (D) is the correct answer.
20. If R = {(x, y) : x, y Z, x2 + y2 4} is a relation in Z, then domain of R is
(A) {0, 1, 2} (B) {–2, –1, 0}
(C) {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} (D) None of these.
Solution : We have R = {(x, y) : x, y Z, x2 + y2 4}.
Let x = 0 x2 + y2 4
Let
(1, 0), (1, 1), (1, –1), (–1, 1), (–1, –1), (2, 0), (–2, 0}.
Hence (C) is the correct answer.
21. If A = {a, b, d, e)}, B = {c, d, f, m} and C = {a, l, m, o), then C (A B) will be given by
(A) {a, d, l, m} (B) {b, c, l, o}
(C) {a, l, m} (D) {a, b, c, d, f, l, m, o}
Sol: A B = {a, b, c, d, e, f, l, m} ( A = {a, b, d, e, l}, B = {c, d, f, m})
C (A B) = {a, l, m}.
Hence (C) is the correct answer.
22. A relation R from C to R is defined by xRy iff Which of the following is correct?
(A) (2 + 3i) R 13 (B) 3 R (–3)
(C) (1 + i) R 2 (D) iR1.
Solution :
(2 + 3i) R 13 is wrong.
3R (–3) is wrong
(1 + i) R2 is wrong
iR1 is correct.
Hence (D) is the correct answer.
23. If universal set is the set of real numbers R and A = {x| –5 < x 2, x Z}, B = {–3, 0, 1} and C = {a, b, c}, then (A B) C is given by
(A) (B) {a, b, c, –3, 0, 1}
(C) {a, b, c} (D) none of these
Sol: (A B) = R – {–3, 0, 1}
(A B) C = .
Hence (A) is the correct answer.
24. Let R be a relation in N defined by R = {(1 + x, 1 + x2) : Which of the following is false ?
(A) R = {(2, 2), (3, 5), (4, 10), (5, 17), (6, 25)}
(B) Domain of R = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(C) Range of R = {2, 5, 10, 17, 26}
(D) at least one is false.
Solution : R = {(1+1, 1 + 1), (1 + 2, 1 + 4), (1 + 3, 1 + 9),
(1 + 4, 1 + 16), (1 + 5, 1 + 25)
= {(2, 2), (3, 5), (4, 10), (5, 17), (6, 26)}
Domain of R = {x : (x, y) R} = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Range of R = {y : (x, y) R} = {2, 5, 10, 17, 26}
Hence (A) is the correct answer.
25. Let A = {(x, y) y = ex, x R} and B = {(x, y) = e-x, x R}. Then
(A) A B = (B) A B
(C) A B = R2 (D) none of these
Sol: y = ex and y = e–x will intersect at one point
A B
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
26. If A and B are two sets, then A (A B) equals
(A) A (B) B
(C) (D) none of these
Sol: A (A B) = A
Hence (A) is the correct answer.
27. If A = {, {}}, then the power set of A is
(A) A (B) {, {}, A}
(C) {, {}, {{}}, A} (D) none of these
Sol: Power set means set of all the subjects
power set of A = {, {}, {{}}, A}
Hence (C) is the correct answer.
28. A set contains n elements. The power set contains
(A) n elements (B) 2n elements
(C) n2 elements (D) none of these
Sol: Number of subsets = 2n, where n is number of elements in the given set.
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
29. If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 8}, then (A B) (A B) is
(A) {(3, 1), (3, 2), (3,3), (3,8)} (B) {(1, 3), (2,3), (3,3), (8,3)}
(C) {(1, 2), (2,2), (3,3), (8,8)} (D) {(8,3), (8,2), (8,1), (8,8)}
Sol: A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 8}
A B = {1, 2, 3, 8}
A B = {3}
(A B) (A B) = {(1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 3), (8, 3)}
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
30. Let A = {p, q, r, s} and B ={1, 2, 3} . Which of the following relations from A to B is not a function?
(A) R1 = {(p, 1), (q, 2), (r, 1), (s, 2) (B) R2 = {(p, 1), (q, 1), (r, 1), (s, 1)
(C) R3 = {(p, 1), (q, 2), (r, 2), (s, 2) (D) R1 = {(p, 2), (q, 3), (r, 2), (s, 2)
Sol: R3 = {(p, 1), (p, 2), (r, 2), (s, 2)}
is not a function.
Hence (C) is the correct answer.
31. The set of all integers x such that | x – 3 | < 2 is equal to
(A) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (B) {1, 2, 3, 4}
(C) {2, 3, 4} (D) {–4, –3, –2}
Sol: | x – 3 | < 2 3 – 2 < x < 3 + 2 1 < x < 5
x = 2, 3, 4.
Required set = {2, 3, 4}.
Alternative method
x = 1 | x – 3 | = | 1 – 3 | = | – 2 | = 2 2
(a) and (b) are not correct
x = – 4 | x – 3 | = | – 4 – 3 | = | – 2 | = 7 2
(D) is not correct.
Hence (A) is the correct answer.
32. Which of the following does not have a proper subset?
(A) {x : x Q} (B) {x : x N, 3 < x < 4}
(C) {x : x Q, 3 < x < 4} (D) None of these.
Sol: The set {x : x N, 3 < x < 4} is empty because there is no natural number between 3 and 4.
This set cannot have a proper subset.
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
33. The set (A B C) (A B' C')' C' is equal to
(A) B C' (B) A C
(C) B' C' (D) None of these
Sol: (A B C) (A B' C')' C'
= (A B C) (A' B C) C'
= [(A A') (B C)] C'
= ( B C) C' = (B C) C'
= (B C') (C C') = (B C') = B C'.
Hence (A) is the correct answer.
34. Let R be a relation in N defined by R = {(x, y) : x + 2y = 8}. The range of R is
(A) {2, 4, 6} (B) {1, 2, 3}
(C) {1, 2, 3, 4, 6} (D) None of these.
Solution : R = {(x, y) : x + 2y = 8, x, y N}
x + 2y = 8
...................................................................
...................................................................
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
35. Let A = {1, 2, 3, ......., 45} and R be the relation 'is square of' in A. Which of the following is false?
(A) R = {(1, 1), (4, 2), (9, 3), (16, 4), (25, 5), (36, 6)}
(B) Domain of R = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36}
(C) Range of R = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(D) At least one is false.
Sol: We have (1)2 = 1, (2)2 = 4, (3)2 = 9, (4)2 = 16, (5)2 = 25, (6)2 = 36.
R = {(1, 1), (4, 2), (9, 3), (16, 4), (25, 5), (36, 6)}
Domain of R = {x ; (x, y) R} = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36}
Range of R = {y ; (x, y) R} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Hence (D) is the correct answer.
36. If R A B and S B C be two relations, then (SoR)–1 is equal to
(A) S–1oR–1 (B) R–1oS–1
(C) SoR (D) None of these
Sol: We have (SoR)–1 = R–1oS–1.
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
37: If an = {ax: x N}, then 3N 7N =
(A) 3N (B) 7N
(C) N (D) 21N
Solution: (D)
We have 3N = {3x: x N} = {3, 6, 9, 12,…}
And 7N = {7x: x N} = {7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42…}
Hence 3N 7N = {21, 42, 63, ….} = {21x: xN} = 21N
Hence (D) is the correct answer.
38: Let A = {x: x R, x < 1}, B = {x: x R, x–1 1} and A B = R – D, then set D is:
(A) (B)
(C) (D) None of these
Solution: We have A = {x: x R, –1 < x < 1}, B = {x: x R, x–1 –1 or x–1 1}
= {x: x R, x 0 or x 2}
A B = R – D
Where D = {x: x R, 1 X < 2}
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
39: x may have values:
(A) 2, 3 (B) 7
(C) –2, – 3 (D) 2, – 3
Solution: We have
Hence (A) is the correct answer.
40: Number of positive integral values of x satisfies the equation
is:
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4
Solution: Since base of log both the sides is same and lying between 0 and 1 hence inequality will change and |x + 1| < 4
. Hence positive integral values of x are 1 and 2.
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
41: The solution set of the inequality log 10 (x2 – 16) log10 (4x – 11)
(A) (3, 5] (B) (4, 5]
(C) (6, 5] (D) none of these
Solution: Since base of log is same both the sides and greater than 1, hence inequality will remain same.
……………….(1)
Also ……………(2)
Taking intersection of (1) and (2) …
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
42: The set of real values of x for which is:
(A) (B)
(C) (D) none of these
Solution: Given
5x (x + 2) > x2 4x2 + 10x 0
x 0 or x , – 5/2
Also
x (x + 2) > 0 x < –2 or x > 0
the solution set is (–, –5/2] (0, + )
Hence (A) is the correct answer.
43: If |x – 1| + |x2 + x + 1| = |x2 + 2x|, then x belongs to:
(A) (2, ) (B) [1, )
(C) (– 1, ) (D) (– 2, )
Solution: Above is possible if
(x– 1)(x2 + x + 1) 0 ….(1)
Now for x2 + x + 1
Discriminant = 1 – 4 = – 3 < 0
x2 + x + 1 > 0 x R ….(2)
From (1) and (2), (x – 1) 0 x [1, ).
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
44: Solution set of the inequality is:
(A) (– 2,0) (B) (0, )
(C) (– 5,5) (D) (– 2,2)
Solution: We have
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
45: If , then x belongs to:
(A) (2, 3) (B) (0,1)
(C) (– 1, 0) (D) (3,4)
Solution: Cube both the sides, we get
. Cleary x lies between 0 and 1.
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
46: If (log5 x) 2 + log5 x < 2, then x belong to:
(A) (B)
(C) (1, ) (D) none of these
Solution: We have (log5 x)2 + log5 x < 2
Put log 5 x = a then a2 + a < 2
a2 + a –2 < 0 (a + 2) (a – 1) < 0
–2 < a < 1 or –2 < log 5 x < 1
5 –2 < x < 5
i.e. 1/25 < x < 5
Hence (A) is the correct answer.
47: If a2 + b2 – ab – a – b + 1 £ 0 , a, b £ R, then a + b is equal to:
(A) 5 (B) 2
(C) 9 (D) 4
Solution: Given that a2 + b2 – ab – a – b + 1 0
2a2 + 2b2 – 2ab – 2a – 2b + 2 0
(a – b)2 + (a – 1)2 + (b– 1)2 0
a = 1 and b = 1
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
48. Which of the following is a singleton set ?
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Solution :
Given set is singleton.
Hence (A) is the correct answer.
49. The set may be equal to
(A) {0} (B) {1}
(C) {3} (D) { }.
Solution : (D) Since there is no number which is not equal to itself, the set
50. If A = and B = , then which of the following is false ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Solution : A = {31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36}
= {3, 9, 27, 81, 243, 729}
and B = {91, 92, 93, 94} = {9, 81, 729, 6561}
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
= {3, 27, 243}
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
51. If n(A) = 115, n(B) = 326, n(A–B)=47, then n is equal to
(A) 373 (B) 165
(C) 370 (D) None of these.
Solution : (a) n(A) = n(A–B) + n implies
115 = 47 + n .
52. If A = is equal to
(A) {–1. 1} (B) {–1. 1. o. –i)
(C) {–i, i} (D) None of these.
Solution :
Hence (C) is the correct answer.
53. If for , then the set is equal to
(A) 8 N (B) 48 N
(C) 12 N (D) 25 N.
Solution :
= {24, 48, ....} = 24N.
Alternatively, L.C.M. of 6 and 8 = 24.
Hence (D) is the correct answer.
54. If (x + 3, 4 –y) = (1, 7), then (x – 3, 4 + y) is equal to
(A) (–2, –3) (B) (–5,1)
(C) (3, 4) (D) None of these.
Solution : (x + 3, 4 –y) = (1, 7) x + 3 = 1, 4 – y = 7
x = 1 – 3 = –2, y = 4 –7 = –3.
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
55. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4}, C = {4, 5, 6}, then (A × B) (B×C) is equal to
(A) {1, 4} (B) {3, 4}
(C) {(1, 4), (3, 4)} (D) None of these.
Solution : A × B = {1, 2, 3}× {3, 4} = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)}
` B × C = {3, 4}× {4, 5, 6} = {(3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)}
So (A × B) (B×C) = {(3, 4)}
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
56. If A = and B = {(x, y) : y = –x, x R}, then
(A) (B)
(C) (D) None of these.
Solution : Y = 1/X or XY = 1.
So A is the set of all points on the rectangular hyperbola xy = 1 with branches in I and III quadrants. y = –x represents a line with slope –1 and c is equal to 0.
Therefore B is the set of all points on this line. Since the graphs of xy = 1 and y = –x are non intersecting, we have .
Hence (C) is the correct answer.
57. If A = , then
(A) (B)
(C) (D) .
Solution : A is the set of all points on the graph of y = ex. B is the set of all points on the line y = x. Since the curves are non intersecting, we have .
Hence (C) is the correct answer.
58. If and b, c are coprime, then
(A) b = cd (B) c = bd
(C) d = bc (D) None of these.
Solution : We have , and
We have
and d = cn2 where n1, n2 N
b/d and c/d bc/d, because b and c are coprime.
Also bc bN and bc = cb cN
Hence (C) is the correct answer.
59. If A = { : 2 cos2 + sin 2} and B = , then is equal to
(A) (B)
(C) (D) None of these.
Solution : Let : 2 cos2 + sin 2 and .
Case I.
.
Case II.
.
Hence (C) is the correct answer.
60. Let be a relation in R. The relation R is :
(A) reflexive (B) symmetric
(C) transitive (D) anti-symmetric
Solution : We have R = {(x, y) : x2 + y2 = 1; x, y R}.
4 abd (4)2 + (4)2 = 32 1.
is not reflexive.
Let (x, y) R.
is symmetric.
(0, 1), (1, 0) R because
(0)2 + (1)2 = 1 and (1)2 + (0)2 = 1.
Also (0)2 + (0)2 = 0 1.
is not transitive.
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
Comments
Post a Comment